JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

The deterioration of pavement markings reduces visibility and compromises road safety by diminishing lane guidance accuracy, particularly under adverse weather and traffic conditions. This scoping review examined the factors influencing pavement marking durability, retro-reflectivity degradation, and maintenance effectiveness across different climatic and operational contexts. Structured searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Transportation Research Record, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2025, including relevant grey literature. Fourteen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesised through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that material type, bead quality, traffic load, and environmental exposure are dominant determinants of retro-reflectivity loss. Cold plastic markings tend to retain approximately 19% higher retro-reflectivity than thermoplastic, while premium glass beads extend service life by around 50%. High-traffic lanes experienced up to a 91% reduction in retro-reflectivity, whereas rainfall temporarily improved visibility but accelerated long-term wear. Protective coatings and vehicle-mounted retro reflectometers improved monitoring precision and long-term durability. The review concludes that performance-based material selection, adaptive maintenance strategies, and sustainability-oriented procurement can significantly enhance marking longevity and cost efficiency. Future research should focus on predictive maintenance models, integration of computer vision technologies, and long-term field monitoring to support data-driven frameworks that strengthen both safety and environmental performance.

Variable frequency drives employing a three-phase diode rectifier front-end are widely used across various industrial networks due to their reliability and cost efficiency. Different filter topologies are implemented in these rectifiers to reduce current harmonics. Typically, these filters are designed for normal grid conditions without distortions. However, in the presence of grid distortion, their behavior can change significantly. This article examines how grid distortion affects current harmonic emission in motor drives with various filter topologies. First, a mathematical model of the rectified voltage is developed considering the presence of PCC voltage harmonics. Subsequently, simulation results are presented to assess the effect of distorted grids on different filter configurations. The results indicate that some filters, such as the AC and DC chokes, show substantial variations in current harmonics under grid distortion, primarily influenced by the phase angle of voltage harmonics. In contrast, the Electronic Inductor consistently maintained a stable THDi across various distorted grid scenarios, demonstrating its potential as an effective solution for VFDs operating in environments with grid distortion.

This study critically evaluates a methodology proposed to standardize academic program evaluation of its learning outcomes, illustrating its implications for compliance with accreditation bodies like the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET) and the Saudi National Center for Academic Accreditation and Evaluation (NCAAA). The varying requirements, terminologies, and phrasing of learning outcomes across accrediting bodies often increase workload and complexity for faculty and staff. To mitigate these challenges, the study proposes a cohesive methodology that standardizes the assessment process by deconstructing broad learning outcomes into specific, focused, and measurable performance indicators (sub-learning outcomes) that can then be easily linked to the proposed set of learning outcomes, which are in turn aligned with the applicable accreditation system. This approach was implemented at Qassim Engineering College, which simultaneously adheres to ABET and NCAAA requirements. The results demonstrate the framework’s efficacy, showing a significant reduction in effort and time required for assessment, along with improved precision in identifying shortcomings in learning outcomes. Ultimately, this integrated system acts as a strategic tool for institutions striving to enhance their educational quality, while satisfying the rigorous needs of various accreditation agencies. The study supports the wider adoption of standardized evaluation methodology to systematically improve the educational quality and guarantee compliance within the increasingly complex panorama of the accreditation of higher education.

This study investigates the influence of fiber orientation and stacking sequence on the lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) behavior of FRP I-beams. The assessment of LTB capacity of beams was conducted using a validated 3D numerical model that allows for varying the stacking sequence and fiber orientation. Several stacking sequences are examined by varying the angles of the fibers. Beams with unidirectional fiber laminates exhibited optimal LTB resistance when the flange fibers aligned with the longitudinal axis (0°) and the web fibers inclined at 45°. Deviations from these angles led to a substantial reduction in LTB capacity. Stacking sequences incorporating a combination of cross-ply and angle-ply layers demonstrated superior LTB performance compared to purely angle-ply configurations. The study further explores the impact of fiber orientation on the required flange thickness to achieve a specific LTB load. Results indicate that lower inclination angles in the flanges allow for thinner flange designs. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing fiber orientation and stacking sequence during the design of FRP beams to maximize their LTB resistance and achieve efficient load-carrying capacity.