Abstract. This paper presents acomprehensive investigationsof load frequency control(LFC)of atwo-areainterconnected power system consisting of plants with thermal and photovoltaic (PV) power generations.The two power systems areas are interconnected via AC transmission lines. The LFC regulators for the power system are designed using optimal control concept based on full state feedback control technique. Also, intelligent PIDstructured LFC regulators using Firefly Algorithm (FA),Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) are designed.These regulators are implemented in the system considering step load disturbance in one of the power system areas. The dynamic system response plots are achieved with designed LFC regulators to investigate their effectiveness inmitigatingthe frequency and tie-line power deviations resulting out from the step load disturbance in the system. The dynamic response plots so obtained with various LFCregulator designs are comparedunder similar operating conditions. From the investigations carried out, it is inferred that thegains of optimal LFC regulator based on optimal control conceptusing full state vector feedback control technique are considerably larger as compared to those of gains achieved using FLC,FA and GA. The FA,GA & FLC based LFC regulators are capable to mitigate the frequency and tie-line power deviation in both areas caused due to load disturbance. Finally, FLC based LFC regulators have demonstrated to be the better choice for implementationfor the power system model under investigation as compared to other designs of LFC regulators carried out in the study.

Abstract: The renewable wind energy encountering aglobally rapid growth to become an important electricity source, which replaces the polluting and exhaustible fossil fuel. The induction generators arecommonly used to convert the mechanical power of the wind-turbine prime-mover to electrical power.Many control techniques are used to track maximum point of wind energy. The present research aims at enhancing the performance of the self-excited wind-driven cage induction generator at the different wind speeds employing control technique by changing the number of poles of induction generator and adjusting the shunt capacitor. The control aims to track the wind maximum power and to improve the generator electrical performance when the generator feeds a static load, and when it feeds an induction motor as a dynamic load. A complete mathematical model and computer simulation has been performed, and control protocols have been reached.The suggested method leads to cheap and efficient utilization of the wind energy in electrical power generation system, especially in the remote isolated places where usage of systems of self-excited cage induction generators are highly recommended.

Abstract. This paper uses adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) to minimize the power losses of radial balanced and unbalanced three-phase distribution systems. A Matlab program is used to solve two distribution systems using backward/forward sweep (BFS) method. The first is the balanced three-phase 12-bus system and the second is the unbalanced three-phase IEEE 37-bus system. Three scenarios are adopted for adding a distribution generation (DG) at specified nodes. In the first scenario, the DG is assumed to generate only reactive power representing capacitor banks or kVar compensators, while in the second scenario the DG generates active power and in the third scenario the DG generates both active and reactive power representing cogenerations. The APSO algorithm determines the required amount of reactive and/or active power to minimize the total losses of the radial distribution systems. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the APSO for DG allocation and enhancing the distribution power system performance in terms of reducing the losses, regulating the bus voltages and increasing the system stability.

Abstract. In this paper, the effect of friction coefficient on the estimation of the Brinell Hardness of thin sheet 0.8%CNT Cu-Ti is investigated using an axisymmetric finite element model (FEM) of ball indentation. The study conducted by analyzing the sheet material in the elastic-plastic region by using the ball indentation loading-unloading curve. The results indicate that variation of the friction coefficient has a direct effect on the estimation of the Brinell Hardness.